The 83rd element, bismuth, was traditionally regarded as having the heaviest stable isotope, bismuth-209, but in 2003 researchers in Orsay, France, measured the half-life of 209 Of the first 82 elements in the periodic table, 80 have isotopes considered to be stable. The darker more stable isotope region departs from the line of protons (Z) = neutrons (N), as the element number Z becomes larger. Many rare types of decay, such as spontaneous fission or cluster decay, are known. Unstable isotopes decay through various radioactive decay pathways, most commonly alpha decay, beta decay, or electron capture. As a result, as the number of protons increases, an increasing ratio of neutrons to protons is needed to form a stable nucleus if too many or too few neutrons are present with regard to the optimum ratio, the nucleus becomes unstable and subject to certain types of nuclear decay. Neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract protons, which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. These two forces compete, leading to some combinations of neutrons and protons being more stable than others. ( July 2022) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ītomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. This article possibly contains original research.
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